Ph.D. Biophysics (1996) University of Rochester
M.S. Biophysics (1992) University of Rochester
B.S. Physics (1989) University of Notre Dame
Membrane and Cell Mechanics, Cochlear Biophysics, Electromechanical Transduction in Biological Systems, Mathematical Modeling of Biological Systems, Nanotechnology, Nonviral Gene Delivery, Confocal and Multiphoton Microscopy
Email: rraphael@rice.edu
Phone: 713-348-3494
Office: Keck Hall, 234D
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Robert Raphael
Associate Professor of Bioengineering
Robert Raphael approaches scientific problems in a multidisciplinary spirit, employing both theory and experiment to understand biological processes at the fundamental level and apply this knowledge for the benefit of human health. He is currently focused on three major inter-related questions: - Electromechanical Transduction in Cochlear Outer Hair Cells and Soft Materials
Cochlear outer hair cells are biological microelectromechanical systems (MEMs) that possess a unique membrane motor protein (Prestin) that generates force in response to changes in membrane potential. Damage to these cells causes many forms of hearing loss. Dr. Raphael has constructed a thermodynamic liquid crystal model of this process based on electrically-induced nanoscale curvature changes in the membrane (flexoelectricity). He is involved in a collaborative project with Baylor College of Medicine aimed at elucidating the mechanism by which Prestin operates in the membrane. This work involves modeling membrane/cytoskeletal association, tether formation with optical tweezers and developing new techniques for evaluating nanoscale membrane mechanics. The project has tremendous engineering potential because Prestin can be used in the design of synthetic MEMs made of biocompatible materials. Dr. Raphael is also interested in the prevention of degeneration of outer hair cells and cell-cell interactions in the cochlea. - Aspirin-Like Molecules and Membrane Mechanics
Using the technique of micropipette aspiration, Dr. Raphael discovered that salicylate, the metabolite of aspirin, softens lipid membranes. This effect may explain side effects of aspirin ingestion not attribution to the inhibition of cyclooxygenase, such as ototoxicity. The work is being extended to other aspirin-like molecules and computational and molecular models are being developed to understand the temporal features of these effects. The project illustrates how surfactant and interfacial science are germane to bioengineering problems and how mechanochemical coupling can influence biological processes. In addition, aspirin-induced softening of cell membranes can be used as a modulator of membrane function. - Biophysical Factors Mediating Gene Delivery
Viral-mediated gene delivery has many disadvantages and there is a need to develop safe and efficient nonviral methods for molecular transfer. The composition and mechanical properties of membranes determine the ability of electric fields to facilitate molecular transfer across the membrane (electroporation) and for membranes to fuse. Agents that soften the membrane such as aspirin can decrease the electroporation threshold, and research is aimed at correlating this with cell mechanical properties and developing biophysical models of the process. Another method for the delivery of agents to cells is by encapsulating them in liposomes. Dr. Raphael has designed a liposome capable of interacting with the cochlear outer hair cell, illustrating how molecular engineering of the membrane holds the promise to improve liposomal mediated delivery in tissue engineering applications.
Selected Publications
Abstract
Yong Zhou, R.M. Raphael, Lenard M. Lichtenberger "NSAIDs Break the Gastric Mucosal Barrier by Promoting the Formation Of Unstable Pores in Phospholipid Membranes." Digestive Disease Week, American Gastroenterology Association Annual Meeting (May 14-19, 2005).
J. Greeson, R. M. Raphael "Salicylate alters the orientational order of the outer hair cell plasma membrane: a fluorescence polarization microscopy study." (March 3-7, 2007).
LE. Organ, JN. Greeson, R. M. Raphael "Membrane cholesterol concentration affects prestin organization and lateral mobility in the HEK cell membrane." (March 3-7, 2007).
Y. Zhou, C. Berry, P. Storer, R. M. Raphael "Peroxidation of Polyunsaturated Phosphatidyl-choline Lipids during Electroformation." (March 3-7, 2007).
Imran Quraishi, R.M. Raphael "A Mathematical Model of Ion Transport in the Stria Vascularis." (2007).
J. Greeson and R.M. Raphael "Observation and modeling of amphipath-induced curvature changes in outer hair cells with fluorescence polarization microscopy." (June, 2007).
Triffo, W.J. and Raphael, R.M. "Modeling intracellular ion transport in the outer hair cell." Department of Enerdy Computational Science Graduate Fellowship Annual Fellows' Conference (June 21-23, 2005).
I. Quraishi, R. M. Raphael "Computational Model of Ion Transport Pathology inthe Stria Vascularis." (2007).
W. Triffo, K. McDonald, M. Auer, R. M. Raphael "Electron Tomographic Analysis of Outer Hair Cell Structure." (2007).
Louise E. Organ and Robert M. Raphael "Lateral mobility and diffusion in outer hair cell membranes." Rice University NSF-IGERT retreat (Jan. 29, 2005).
LE. Organ, JN. Greeson, R. M. Raphael "Membrane Cholesterol Concentration Affects Prestin
Organization and Lateral Mobility in the HEK Cell Membrane." (2007).
Greeson, J.N. and Raphael, R. M. "Orientation of Membrane Probes in Giant Unilamellar Vesicles." International Society of Optical Engineers: Photonics West 2005 Meeting (Jan. 22nd-26th , 2005).
RM. McGuire, FA. Pereira, R. M. Raphael "Modulation of Prestin Function Due to Cysteine Point Mutation." (2007).
J. Greeson, R. M. Raphael "Salicylate Alters the Orientational Order of the Outer Hair Cell Plasma Membrane: A Fluorescence Polarization Microscopy Study." (2007).
McGuire, R.M., Pereira, F.A., Raphael, R.M. "Investigations of the functional/structural implications of embedded cysteine residues in the molecular motor protein prestin." (Feb. 5th-9th, 2006).
Triffo, W.J., McDonald, K.M., Auer, M., Raphael, R.M. "Electron tomography of the outer hair cell lateral wall." (Feb. 5th-9th, 2006).
Jennifer N. Greeson, Louise E. Organ, and Robert M. Raphael "Advanced optical techniques for investigating outer hair cell plasma membranes." 2005 MidWinter Meeting for the Association for Research in Otolaryngology (Feb. 19-24, 2005).
McGuire, R.M., Pereira, F.A., Raphael, R.M. "Investigations of the functional/structural implications of embedded cysteine residues in the molecular motor protein prestin." (Feb. 18th-22nd, 2006).
Yoonsu Choi, Carrie Yuen, Hillary Gibbons, Sourindra Maiti, Helen Huls, Sibani L Biswal, Robert Raphael, Thomas C Killian, Daniel J Stark, Dean A Lee, Partow Kebriaei, Richard E Champlin, and Laurence JN Cooper "High-efficient non-viral gene transfer by mRNA electroporation to generate CD19-specific T cells . .." (2008).(Submitted)
Triffo, W.J., McDonald, K.M., Auer, M., Raphael, R.M. "Electron tomography of the outer hair cell lateral wall
." (Feb. 18th-22nd, 2006).
Yong Zhou and Robert Raphael "Effect of Effect of pH on SOPC Membrane Mechanics." (Feb. 18-22. 2006).
Choi, Y., Maiti, S., Yuen, C., Huls, H., Raphael, R. M., Killian, T. C., Stark, D. J., Lupascu, S., Lee, D. A. , Shpall, E. J., Kebriaei, P., Champlin, R. E., Biswal, S. L., and Cooper, L. J. N. "Large Scale Generation Of Genetically Modified T-Cells Using Micro-Electroporators For Cancer Treatments, Transducers." (2008).(In Press)
Yoonsu Choi, Sourindra Maiti, Carrie Yuen, Helen Huls, Robert Raphael, Thomas C Killian, Daniel J Stark, Dean A Lee, Elizabeth J Shpall, Partow Kebriaei, Richard E Champlin, Sibani L Biswal, and Laurence JN Cooper "Large Scale Generation Of Genetically Modified T-Cells Using Micro-Electroporators for Cancer Treatments." (2008).(Submitted)
Greeson, J.N. and Raphael, R. M. "Probing prestin self-association in transfected human embryonic kidney cells using fluorescence resonance energy transfer." 49th Annual Meeting of the Biophysical Society (Feb. 13th-16th, 2005).
Louise E. Organ and Robert M. Raphael "Lateral mobility and diffusion in the outer hair cell plasma membrane." 49th Biophysical Society Annual Meeting (Feb. 12-16, 2005).
Yong Zhou and R. M. Raphael "Effect of Salicylate on the Elasticity, Bending Stiffness, and Pore Formation of SOPC Membranes." The nineteenth Annual Rice Quantum Institute Summer Research Colloquium (Aug. 12, 2005).
"Advanced Optical Techniques for Investigating Outer Hair Cell Plasma Membranes." Association for Research in Otolaryngology Mid-Winter Meeting (02/2005).(Submitted)
"Prestin self-association in transfected HEK cell plasma membranes." Biophysical Society Annual Meeting (02/2005).(Submitted)
Raphael, R. "Internal Electric Field Effects on Outer Hair Cell Electromotility
." 45th Annual Meeting of the Biophysical Society (2001).(Submitted)
Quraishi, I. H. and Raphael, R. M. "Model of Vectorial Ion Transport by Strial Marginal Cells." 28th Midwinter Research Meeting of the Association for Research in Otolaryngology.
E. Glassinger and Raphael, R. M. "Effects of Thermal Fluctuations and Cytoskeletal Adhesion on Membrane Tether Formation." 2004 Houston Society for Engineering in Medicine and Biology (2004).(Submitted)
Spencer, N., Myrdal, S. Raphael, R. M. and Steyger, P.S. "Gentamycin Entry in Hair Cells." 2004 Meeting of the Association for Research in Otolaryngology (2004).(Submitted)
Louise Organ, Dimitri Thomas, and Robert Raphael "Designing a Magnetic Force Transducer to Measure the Mechanical Properties of Cells. (poster)." IGERT annual retreat. Rice University (2004/01).
Glassinger, E. Raphael, R. "Modeling tension and voltage effects on outer hair cell tether formation." Association for Research in Otolaryngology: Annual Meeting (2004/02).
Zhou, Y. and Raphael, R. M. "Salicylate Affects Membrane Mechanics." 47thAnnual Meeting of the Biophysical Society (2004/02).
Yong Zhou and Robert Raphael "Salicylate Affects Membrane Mechanics (poster)." The 21st Annual Houston Conference on Biomedical Engineering Research (2004/02).
E. Glassinger and Raphael, R. M. "Tension and Voltage Effects on Membrane Tether Formation." 47thAnnual Meeting of the Biophysical Society (2004/02).
Quraishi, I. and Raphael, R.M "Computational Model of Ion Regulation in the Inner Ear." (September 2007).
Glassinger, E. Raphael, R. "Theoretical Analysis of the Effects of Electric Fields on Tether Formation." UTCBME (2005/02).(Submitted)
Glassinger, E. Raphael, R. "Theoretical Analysis of Electromechanical Effects on Tether Formation from Outer Hair Cells." Biophysical Society: Annual Meeting (2005/02).(Submitted)
J. Greeson and R.M. Raphael "Observation of amphipath-induced nanoscale curvature changes in cell membranes with fluorescence polarization microscopy." (September, 2007).
Glassinger, E. Raphael, R. "Analysis of Electromechanical Effects on Tether Formation from Outer Hair Cells." Association for Research in Otolaryngology: Annual Meeting (2005/02).(Submitted)
Glassinger, E. and Raphael, R.M. "Theoretical Analysis of Electromechanical Effects on Tether Formation." University of Texas Center for Biomedical Engineering (2005).
Zhou, Y. and Raphael, R. M. "Bovine Serum Albumin Can Affect Salicylate-lipid Interactions in the Membrane." 2004 Houston Society for Engineering in Medicine and Biology.(Submitted)
Quraishi, I. H. and Raphael, R. M. "Mathematical Model of Ion Regulation in the Stria Vascularis." 5th International Symposium on Meniere's Disease and Inner Ear Homeostasis Disorders (2005).
Article
Y. Zhou and R. M. Raphael "Effect of Salicylate on the Elasticity, Bending Stiffness and Strength of SOPC Membranes." Biophysical Journal.(Submitted)
Yong Zhou and R. M. Raphael "Effect of Effect of pH on SOPC Membrane Mechanics." Biophysical Journal (In preparation).
David Tran and Robert M. Raphael "Formation and Stability of Giant Unilamellar Vesicles in Asymmetric Ionic Environments." (In preparation).
R. M. Raphael, A. S. Popel and W. E. Brownell "An orientational dipole model for mechano- electrical coupling in the outer hair cell plasma membrane.." Biophys. J..(In Revision)
Yong Zhou, Patrick Storer and R.M. Raphael "Lipid oxidation and electroformation." Journal of Lipid Research.(In Revision)
Emily Glassinger and Raphael, R. M. "Theoretical analysis of the voltage dependence of tethers formed from cellular membranes." Biophysical Journal (In preparation).
Yong Zhou, Lenard M. Lichtenberger and R.M. Raphael "Nonsteroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs (NSAIDS) Induce Injury to the Gastrointestinal Tracts by Promoting the formation of Unstable Pores in Phospholipid Membranes." Journal Pharmacy and Pharmacology.(Submitted)
R.M. Raphael "Review of Bionanotechnology.." Annals of Biomed. Eng..(In Revision)
E. A. Glassinger and R.M. Raphael "Electromechanical Effects in Membrane Tether Formation." .(In Revision)
E. A. Glassinger and R.M. Raphael. "Influence of Thermally Driven Surface Undulations on Tether Formation from Bilayer Membranes.." Physical Review Letters.(Submitted)
David Tran and Robert M. Raphael "Formation and Stability of Giant Unilamellar Vesicles in Asymmetric Ionic Environments." .(In Revision)
E. A. Glassinger and R.M. Raphael "Theoretical analysis of Tether Formation from Outer Hair Cells. Auditory Mechanisms: Processes and Models." World Scientific Publishing Co. (2005).
R. M. Raphael, John V. Stone, Stathis Karathanasis and Ananth Annapragada "Nanotechnology approaches to an automatic glucose sensing/insulin delivery system." PNAS (2005).(In Revision)
E. A. Glassinger and R.M. Raphael "Influence of Thermally Driven Surface Undulations on Tether Formation from Bilayer Membranes." Biophysical Journal (2005).(In Revision)
E. A. Glassinger, A.C. Lee and R.M. Raphael "Electromechanical Effects on Tether Formation from Lipid Membranes: A theoretical analysis." Physical Review E, 72 (2005): 041926.
Y. Zhou and R. M. Raphael "Effect of Salicylate on the Elasticity, Bending Stiffness and Strength of SOPC Membranes." Biophysical Journal, 89 (2005): 1789-1801.
W. E. Brownell, B. Farrell and Raphael, R. M. "Membrane Electromechanics at Hair Cell Synapses." Biophysics of the Cochlea: From Molecules to Models (2003): 169-176.
Triffo WJ, Palsdottir H, McDonald KL, Lee JK, Inman JL, Bissell MJ, Raphael RM, Auer M "Controlled microaspiration for high-pressure freezing: a new method for ultrastructural preservation of fragile and sparse tissues for TEM and electron tomography." Journal of Microscopy, 230(Pt 2) (2008): 278-87.
Park, H., Temenhoff, JS, Tabata, Y., Caplan, A., Raphael, RM., Jansen, JA and AG Mikos "Effect of Dual Growth Factor Delivery on Chondrogenic Differentiation of Encapsulated Rabbit Marrow Mesenchymal Stem Cells." Journal of Biomedical Materials Research: Part A (2008).
Quraishi, IH and Raphael, RM "Generation of the Endocochlear Potential: A Biophysical Model." Biophysical Journal, 94(7) (2008).
Shi, C, Tour, JM, Raphael, RM and AG Mikos "In Vitro Cytotoxicity of Single-Walled Carbon Nanotube/Biodegradable Polymer Nanocomposites." Journal of Biomedical Materials Research: Part A, 86(3) (2008): 813-823.
Levin CS, Kundu J, Janesko BG, Scuseria GE, Raphael RM, Halas NJ "Interactions of ibuprofen with hybrid lipid bilayers probed by complementary surface-enhanced vibrational spectroscopies." Journal of Physical Chemistry B, 112(45) (2008): 14168-75.
Martins AM, Pham QP, Malafaya PB, Sousa RA, Gomes ME, Raphael RM, Kasper FK, Reis RL, Mikos AG "The Role of Lipase and alpha-Amylase in the Degradation of Starch/Poly(epsilon-Caprolactone) Fiber Meshes and the Osteogenic Differentiation of Cultured Marrow Stromal Cells." Tissue Engineering Part A (2008).
Greeson, JN, Raphael, RM "Amphipath-induced nanoscale Changes in Outer Hair Cell Plasma Membrane Curvature." Biophysics Journal, 96(2) (2009): 510-520.
Organ, LE, Raphael, RM "Lipid Lateral Mobility in Cochlear Outer Hair cells: Regional Differences and Regulation by Cholesterol." Journal of the Association of Research in Otolaryngology (2009).
Conference paper
Greeson, J.N. and Raphael, R. M. "Orientation of membrane probes in giant unilamellar vesicles." Proceedings of the International Society of Optical Engineers: Photonics West 2005 Meeting (Jan. 22nd-26th, 2005).
Quraishi, I. H. and Raphael, R. M. "Mathematical Model of a Marginal Cell in the Stria Vascularis." Proceedings of the 5th International Symposium on Meniere's Disease and Inner Ear Homeostasis Disorders (2005).
Other
W. E. Brownell, A. A. Spector, R. M. Raphael, and A. S. Popel "Micro- and nanomechanics of the outer hair cell." Annual Reviews of Biomedical Engineering, 3 (2001): 169-194.
Raphael, R. M. and A. S. Popel "Interaction of liposomal membranes with cochlear outer hair cells." (2001/in preparation).
Yong Zhou and Robert Raphael "Salicylate Affects Membrane Mechanics (poster)." 48th Annual Biophysical Society meeting (2004/02).
Yong Zhou, Ida Soto, and Robert M. Raphael "Effect of Salicylate on Membrane Stability and Thickness (poster)." 49th Annual Biophysical Society meeting (2005/02).(Submitted)
Refereed Article
A. Spector, K. Grosh, T. Ratnanather, N. Deo and R.M. Raphael "Electromechanical Models of the Outer Hair Cell Composite Membrane." Journal of Membrane Biology, 209 (2-3) (2006): 135-52.
Greeson, JN., Organ, LE., Pereira, FP and R.M Raphael "Assessment of prestin self-association using fluorescence resonance energy transfer." Brain Research, 1091(1) (2006): 140-50.
E. Glassinger and R.M. Raphael "Influence of Thermally Driven Surface Undulations on Tethers Formed from Bilayer Membranes." Biophysical Journal, 91(2) (2006): 619-625.
L. M. Lichtenberger, Y. Zhou, E.J. Dial and R.M. Raphael "NSAID Injury to the gastrointestinal tract: Evidence that NSAIDs interact with phospholipids to weaken the hydrophobic surface barrier and promote the formation of unstable pores in membranes." Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, 58 (2006): 1421-1428.
I. H. Quraishi and R.M. Raphael "A Computational Model of Vectorial Potassium Transport by Cochlear Marginal Cells and Vestibular Dark Cells." American Journal of Physiology: Cell Physiology, 292(1) (2007): C591-602.
Greeson, JN. and R.M. Raphael "Application of fluorescence polarization microscopy to measure fluorophore orientation in the outer hair cell plasma membrane." Journal of Biomedical Optics, 12(2) (2007): 021002.
Organ, LE. and R.M. Raphael "Application of fluorescence recovery after photobleaching to study prestin lateral mobility in the human embryonic kidney cell." Journal of Biomedical Optics, 12(2) (2007): 021003.
Zhou, Y. and Raphael, R.M. "Electrostatic Interactions of Salicylate with PC Membranes: pH Sensitivity and Correlative Mechanical Effects." (2007).(Submitted)
David Tran and Robert M. Raphael "Formation and Stability of Giant Unilamellar Vesicles in Asymmetric Ionic Environments (in prepration)." .
Quraishi, I., Raphael, R.M and RA Eatock "Modeling Nonquantal Transmission in the Vestibular Afferent Calyx." In preparation for Journal of Neurophysiology (2007).
Y. Zhou. Berry, C., Storer, P. and R. M. Raphael "Peroxidation of Polyunsaturated Phosphatidyl-choline Lipids during Electroformation." Biomaterials, 28(6) (2007): 1298-1306.
Zhou, Y. and Raphael, R.M "Salicylate alters membrane electrostatics: effects of solution pH on weak acid-lipid interactions." (2007).
Y. Zhou and R. M. Raphael "Solution pH Alters Mechanical and Electrical Properties of Phosphatidylcholine Membranes: Relation between Interfacial Electrostatics, Intramembrane Potential and Bending Elasticity." Biophysical Journal, 92(7) (2007): 2451-62.
Lavanya Rajagopalan, Jennifer N. Greeson, Anping Xia, Haiying Liu, Angela Sturm, Robert M. Raphael, Amy L. Davidson, John S. Oghalai, Fred A. Pereira, and William E. Brownell "Tuning of the outer hair cell motor by membrane cholesterol." Journal of Biological Chemistry (2007).
Presentations
Invited Talk
"Mechanochemical and Electromechanical Coupling in Membranes: From Synthetic Vesicles to Outer Hair Cells.." Univ. of Houston. (April 4th, 2004)
"Probing Interactions of Inner Ear Proteins with FRET." 29th Annual Meeting of the Association for Research in Otolarynolgy, Baltimore, MD. (Feb. 2006)
"Membrane Biophysics and Auditory Physiology: Not so Strange Bedfellows." Stockholm Centre for Physics, Astronomy and Biotechnology. The Royal Institute of Techonlogy (KTH). Theoretical Biological Physics Group., Stockholm, Sweden. (Sept. 27th, 2005)
"Salicylate and membrane elasticity, rigidity and strength (talk)." Rice Quantum Institute Summer Research Colloquium XVIII, Houston, TX. (Aug. 06, 2004) With Yong Zhou1 and Robert M. Raphael2.
"Effect of Salicylate on the Elasticity, Bending Stiffness, and Pore Formation of SOPC Membranes (talk)." 2nd Annual Gulf Coast Consortium for Membrane Biology Fall Symposium 2004, Houston, TX. (Nov. 20, 2004) With Yong Zhou and Robert M. Raphael.
"Membrane Bioengineering Meets Auditory Physiology: New Views on Outer Hair Cell Electromotility, Salicylate Ototoxicity and Potassium Transport by Marginal Cells." Center for Hearing and Communication Research, Karolinska, Institute, Stockholm, Sweden. (Sept. 26th, 2005)
"Advanced Optical Techniques for Investigating the outer hair cell protein prestin.." Inner Ear Biology (IEB) Workshop 2005/ Eberhard-Karls University Tubingen, . (September 19th, 2005)
"Intermolecular Interactions of Prestin." 234th National Meeting of the American Chemical Society, Boston, Massachusetts. (Aug. 2007)
"Lateral mobility and diffusion in the outer hair cell plasma membrane.." 49th Annual Biophysical Society meeting, Long Beach, CA. (Feb. 12-16. 2005) With Louise E Organ and Robert M Raphael.
"Advanced Optical Imaging of Protein-Protein and Protein-Membrane Interactions." University of Genoa, Italy. (July 2007)
"Advanced Optical Techniques for Investigating Outer Hair Cell Plasma Membranes.." 28th MIDWINTER MEETING of the Association for Research in Otolaryngology, New Orleans, LA. (Feb. 19-24 2005) With Jennifer N Greeson, Louise E Organ, and Robert M Raphael.
"Resolving the Bending Motor/Area Motor Controversy." Meeting of the Association for Research in Otolaryngology, . (2003) With Raphael, R. M. and E. Glassinger.
"Theoretical analysis of Tether Formation from Outer Hair Cells." Ninth Annual Mechanics of Hearing Meeting. Oregon Hearing Research Center, Portland, Oregon. (July 23 - 28, 2005)
"Application of Fluorescence Polarization Microscopy to Study Molecular
Orientation in Membranes." Rice Quantum Institute Summer Research, Houston, TX. (08/2004)
"Computational Model of Ion Transport in the Inner Ear." Auditory Systems Workshop, Ohio State University. (June, 2007)
"What Thin Nanotubes can Teach us about Lipid Membranes." 2nd World Congress on Flexoelectricity, Rice University. (Dec. 4-5, 2003)
"Fluorescence Polarization Microscopy Study of Molecular Orientation in
Synthetic Membranes." Photonics West, San Jose, CA. (01/2005)
"Membrane and Cochlear Bioengineering." 3rd Annual Biotechnology / Life Sciences Technology Innovation Forum, Rice University. (Nov. 21st, 2003)
"Prestin-Prestin and Prestin-Membrane Interactions." Kresge Hearing Research Center, University of Michigan. (May 2007)
"Amphipath Induced Changes in Outer Hair Cell Plasma Membrane Curvature." Inner Ear Biology Meeting, London, England. (September 2007)
"Modeling Outer Hair Cell Electromotility." First Meeting of Houston Theoretical Neuroscientists, Rice University. (October 26, 2003)
"Thermodynamics of Membrane Tethers and ?Maxwell reciprocity and flexoelectricity." Second World Congress on Flexoelectricity, Houston, TX. (January, 2004) With Glassinger, E. Raphael, R.
"Effects of thermal fluctuations and cytoskeletal adhesion on membrane tether formation." Houston Society for Engineering in Medicine and Biology. 21st Annual Houston Conference on Biomedical Engineering, Houston, TX. (February, 2004) With Glassinger, E. Raphael, R.
"Membrane Mechanics." Gulf Coast Consortium for Membrane Biology, . (Sept. 13, 2003)
"Voltage Dependence of the force required for membrane tether formation." 42nd Workshop on Inner Ear Biology. Eberhard-Karls University, Tubingen, Germany. (September 18th-20th, 2005) With E. Glassinger and R.M. Raphael.
"Mathematical model of the function of the stria vascularis." 18th Annual Meeting of Japanese Otological Society, Kobe, JAPAN. (Oct. 2008)
"Membrane Mechanics and Outer Hair Cell Electromotility." Lake Ontario Auditory Research Meeting, Rochester, NY. (June 23-24th, 2003)
"Modeling tension in cellular membranes." Rice University: Institute of Biosciences and Engineering. NSF IGERT Annual Retreat., Houston TX. (January, 2004) With Glassinger, E. Raphael, R.
"Advanced Optical Imaging Approaches for Understanding Outer Hair Cell Function." Juntendo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, JAPAN. (Oct. 2008)
"Nanoelectromechanical Transduction in Auditory Hair Cells." Computational and Applied Mathematics Seminar Series, Rice University. (April, 2003)
"A Computational Model of Ion Transport in the
Mammalian Cochlea.". (2008) With I. Quaishi and R. Raphael.
"Nanoelectromechanical Transduction in Auditory Hair Cells." Center for Nonlinear Studies, Los Alamos, NM. (March, 2003)
"Electron tomographic analysis of outer hair cell structure." 30th MidWinter Meeting for the Association for Research in Otolaryngology, Denver, CO. (February 10-15, 2006) With Triffo, W.J., McDonald, K. M., Auer, M., Raphael, R. M.
"Mechanochemical and Electromechanical Coupling in Lipid Bilayer Membranes:
Theory and Experiment." Biophysics Seminar Series, Rice University. (Feb. 2003)
"Effect of Salicylate on the Elasticity, Bending Stiffness, and Pore Formation of SOPC Membranes." The nineteenth Annual Rice Quantum Institute Summer Research Colloquium, Houston, TX. (Aug 12, 2005) With Yong Zhou and Robert Raphael.
"Effect of Salicylate on the Elasticity, Bending Stiffness, and Pore Formation of SOPC Membranes." The nineteenth Annual Rice Quantum Institute Summer Research Colloquium, Houston, TX. (Aug. 12, 2005) With Yong Zhou and Robert Raphael.
"Membrane Electromechanics and Biological Function: Perturbation of Interfacial Electrostatics, Intramembrane Potential, Bending Elasticity and Membrane Organization by Salicylate and pH." Rice University Biophysics Seminar Series, . (Dec. 15th, 2006)
"Computational Model of Potassium Transport in the Inner Ear: Connecting Genetics to Deafness." Rice CRC Research Symposium, . (Nov. 28th, 2006)
"Lateral diffusion and self- interactions of the outer hair cell protein prestin”." BMES Meeting. Symposium on Cell Membrane Mechanics and Bioengineering, Chicago, IL. (October, 2006)
"Lateral mobility and interactions of the outer hair cell protein prestin." IEEE-EMBS Meeting, New York, New York. (Aug. 2006.)
"Electromechanical Coupling in Cells and Membranes: Theory and Experiment." Conference on “Cells and Materials: At the Interface between Mathematics, Biology and Engineering, Univ. of California Los Angeles, CA. (March, 2006)
"Is Prestin a “Motor” Protein: Theoretical and Experimental Approaches to Membrane Electromechanics." Rice-Texas UK Symposium Meeting, Rice University. (Feb. 2006)
"Probing Interactions of Inner Ear Proteins with FRET." 29th Annual Meeting of the Association for Research in Otolarynolgy, Baltimore, MD. (Feb. 2006)
Lecture
"The Ethics of Bioscience and Bioengineering (BIOE 594).".
"Introduction to Special Education (EDUC 310).". (2006)
"Fundamentals of Systems Physiology (BIOE 322).". (2006)
Other
"High-Throughput Analysis of Cell Electroporation." 2008 Annual Meeting of the AIChE, Philadelphia, PA. (Nov. 4-9, 2008) With Biswal, S. L., Stark, D. J., Du, N., Choi, P., Maiti, S., Lee, D., Cooper, L. J. N., Raphael, R. M., Killian, T. C.
"High Throughput Non-viral Gene Transfer of T Cells by Micro-electroporators to Generate CD19-specific Cells for Immediate Infusion." The 2009 Blood and Marrow Transplantation (BMT) Tandem Meetings, . With Yoonsu Choi, Sourindra Maiti, Carrie Yuen, Helen Huls, Sibani L Biswal, Robert Raphael, Thomas C Killian, Daniel J Stark, Dean A Lee, Elizabeth J Shpall, Partow Kebriaei, Richard E Champlin, and Laurence JN Cooper.
Poster
"Characterization of Prestin Stoichiometries Using Single Molecule Fluorescence Microscopy." 31st Annual MidWinter Meeting of the Association for Research in Otolaryngology, Pheonix, AZ. (Feb. 16-21, 2008) With Kamar RI, Cognet L, and Raphael RM.
"Computational model of ion transport pathology in the stria vascularis." 30th MidWinter Meeting for the Association for Research in Otolaryngology. (Feb. 11-15, 2007) With Quraishi, I. H., Raphael, R. M.
"Model of ion transport in the stria vascularis." 29th Midwinter Meeting of the Association for Research in Otolaryngology, Baltimore, MD. (Feb. 5-9, 2006) With Quraishi, I. H., Raphael, R. M.
"Theoretical Analysis of Tether Formation Electromotile Membranes." 46thAnnual Meeting of the Biophysical Society, San Antonio, Texas. (March 1-5, 2003) With Glassinger, E. and Raphael, R. M.
"Formation and Stability of Cationic Liposomes in Asymmetric Ionic Environments." 46thAnnual Meeting of the Biophysical Society, San Antonio, Texas. (March 1-5, 2003) With Tran, D. and Raphael, R. M.
"Membrane cholesterol concentration affects prestin organization and lateral mobility in the HEK cell membrane." 51st Biophysical Society Annual Meeting. (March 3-7, 2007) With Organ, LE, Greeson, JN, and Raphael, RM.
"Model of ion transport in the stria vascularis." 29th Midwinter Meeting of the Association for Research in Otolaryngology, Baltimore, MD. (Feb. 5-9, 2006) With Quraishi, I. H., Raphael, R. M.
"Single Molecule Fluorescence Detection of Prestin Oligomerization." 52nd Annual Biophysical Society Meeting, Long Beach, CA. (Feb. 2-6, 2008) With Kamar RI, Cognet L, Raphael RM.
"Fluorescent Observation of Salicylate-Induced Shape Changes in Giant Unilamellar Vesicles." 46thAnnual Meeting of the Biophysical Society, San Antonio, Texas. (March 1-5, 2003) With Zhou, Y. and Raphael, R. M.
"Membrane cholesterol concentration affects prestin organization and lateral mobility in the HEK cell membrane." Denver, CO. (Feb. 11-15, 2007) With Organ, LE, Greeson, JN, and Raphael, RM.
"Model of ion transport in the stria vascularis." 11th Annual Sealy Center for Structural Biology Symposium, Galveston, TX. (May 19-20, 2006) With Quraishi, I. H., Raphael, R. M.
"Voltage Dependent Interactions in the OHC Motor Protein Prestin." 22nd Annual RQI Research Colloquium, Houston, TX. (Aug. 8, 2008) With Kamar RI, McGuire RM, Focaur CE, Raphael, RM.
"Effects of Cysteine Mutations on Prestin Function and Oligomerization." 31st Annual MidWinter Meeting of the Association for Research in Otolaryngology, Phoenix, AZ. (Feb. 16-21, 2008) With McGuire RM, Pereira FA, Silberg JJ, and Raphael RM.
"Models of cochlear and vestibular electrophysiology." Baylor College of Medicine Medical Scientist Training Program Scientific Symposium, Houston, TX,. (Aug. 25-26, 2006) With Quraishi, I. H., Eatock, R. A., Raphael, R. M.
"Visualizing the distribution of terminal sugars on complex carbohydrates in the guinea pig cochlea using fluorescently- conjugated lectins." Meeting of the Association for Research in Otolaryngology, . (2003) With Spencer, N., Myrdal, S. Raphael, R. M. and Steyger, P.S.
"Computational model of ion transport in the stria vascularis." Annual Fall Meeting of the Biomedical Engineering Society, Chicago, IL. (Oct. 11-14, 2006) With Quraishi, I. H., Raphael, R. M.
"Development of a Microfabricated Microelectroporator." Gulf Coast Innovation Conference, Houston, TX. (Nov. 18, 2008) With Stark, DJ, Du, N, Camero, K, Choi, P, Lee, D, Maiti, S, Cooper, LJN, Biswal, SL, Killian, TC, Raphael,RM.
"Effect of Salicylate on Membrane Stability and Thickness." 49th Annual Biophysical Society meeting, Long Beach, CA. (Feb. 12-16. 2005) With Yong Zhou, Ida Soto, and Robert Raphael.
"Numerical simulation of the calyx synapse of vestibular type I hair cells." Neuroscience, Atlanta, GA. (Oct. 14-18, 2006) With Quraishi, I. H., Hurley, K. M., Raphael, R. M., Eatock, R. A.
"Development of a Microfabricated Microelectroporator." Keck Annual Research Conference, Houston, TX. (Oct. 3-4, 2008) With Stark, D. J., Du, N., Camero, K., Choi, P., Lee, D., Maiti, S., Cooper, L. J. N., Biswal, S. L., Killian, T. C., Raphael, R. M.
"Electron tomography of the outer hair cell: lateral wall and rootlet architecture." 29th MidWinter Meeting for the Association for Research in Otolaryngology, Baltimore, MD. (Feb. 5-9, 2006.) With Triffo, W.J., McDonald, K. M., Auer, M., Raphael, R. M.
"How many prestin molecules does it take to make an outer hair cell move? Advances in Optics for Biotechnology, Medicine and Surgery." Copper Mountain, CO. (Jul. 24th-28th, 2005) With Greeson, J.N., Organ, L.E., Pereira, F.A. and Raphael, R. M.
"Development of a Microfabricated Microelectroporator." 2008 BMES Annual Fall Meeting, St. Louis, MO. (Oct. 2-4, 2008) With Stark, D. J., Du, N., Camero, K., Choi, P., Lee, D., Maiti, S., Cooper, L. J. N., Biswal, S. L., Killian, T. C., Raphael, R. M.
"Effect of Salicylate on the Elasticity, Bending Stiffness, and Strength of Lipid Membranes." 42nd Workshop on Inner Ear Biology. Eberhard-Karls University, Tubingen, Germany. (September 18th-20th, 2005) With Yong Zhou and R. M. Raphael.
"Electron tomography of the outer hair cell: lateral wall and rootlet architecture." 50th Annual Meeting of the Biophysical Society, Salt Lake City, UT. (Feb. 18th-22nd, 2006) With Triffo, W.J., McDonald, K. M., Auer, M., Raphael, R. M.
"Development of a Microfabricated Microelectroporator." 22nd Annual RQI Research Colloquium, Houston, TX. (Aug. 8, 2008) With Stark, D. J., Du, N., Camero, K., Choi, P., Lee, D., Maiti, S., Killian, T. C., Raphael, R. M., Cooper, L. J. N., Biswal, S. L.
"Electron tomographic analysis of outer hair cell structure." Department of Energy Computational Science Graduate Fellowship Annual Fellows' Conference, Washington, DC. (June 20-22, 2006) With Triffo, W.J., McDonald, K. M., Auer, M., Raphael, R. M.
"Electron tomographic analysis of outer hair cell structure." 30th Anniversary Baylor College of Medicine M.D./Ph.D. Symposium, Houston, TX. (August 24-26, 2006) With Triffo, W.J., McDonald, K. M., Auer, M., Raphael, R. M.
"Numerical simulation of ion transport in the stria vascularis of the cochlea." Eberhard-Karls University, Tubingen, Germany. (September 18th-20th, 2005) With I. Quraishi and R. M. Raphael.
"Effect of Salicylate on the Elasticity, Bending Stiffness, and Strength of Lipid Membranes." Annual Fall Meeting of the BMES, . (Sep. 28th-Oct. 1st, 2005) With Yong Zhou and R. M. Raphael.
"Electron tomographic analysis of outer hair cell structure." The 4th International Congress on Electron Tomography, San Diego, CA. (November 5-8, 2006) With Triffo, W.J., McDonald, K. M., Auer, M., Raphael, R. M.
"Electron tomographic analysis of outer hair cell structure." LBNL Life Sciences Division Annual Retreat, Berkeley, CA. (November 30, 2006) With Triffo, W.J., McDonald, K. M., Auer, M., Raphael, R. M.
"Voltage Dependence of the force required for membrane tether formation." Annual Fall Meeting of the BMES, . (September 28th-Oct. 1st, 2005) With E. Glassinger and R.M. Raphael.
"Mechanosensitivity of Prestin Is Mediated by Nanoscale Membrane
Curvature." 2008 BMES Annual Fall Meeting, St. Louis, MO. (2008) With J. Greeson and R. Raphael.
"Numerical simulation of ion transport in the stria vascularis of the cochlea." Annual Fall Meeting of the BMES, . (September 28th-Oct. 1st, 2005) With I. Quraishi and R. M. Raphael.
"Advanced Optical Techniques for Investigating the outer hair cell protein prestin." Annual Fall Meeting of the BMES, . (September 28th-Oct. 1st, 2005) With J. Greeson, L. Organ and R. M. Raphael.
"Lateral diffusion and interactions of the outer hair cell protein prestin." Biomedical Engineering Society 2006 Annual Fall Meeting, Chicago, IL. (Oct. 11-14, 2006.) With Organ, LE, Greeson, JN, and Raphael, RM.
"Modulates Lateral Mobility in Outer Hair Cells Plasma Membrane Cholesterol Concentration." 2008 BMES Annual Fall Meeting, St. Louis, MO. (2008) With L. Organ and R. Raphael.
"Thermal Fluctuations and Tether Formation." Hairy Interfaces and Stringy Molecules: Summer School and Workshop on Colloids and Biophysics, Odense, Denmark. (Aug. 13-17, 2003) With E. Glassinger and R.M. Raphael.
"Electron Tomographic Analysis of Outer Hair Cell Structure." 2008 BMES Annual Fall Meeting, St. Louis, MO. With J. Triffo, M. Auer, R. Raphael.
"Lateral diffusion and interactions of the outer hair cell protein prestin." American Chemical Society 232nd National Meeting & Exposition, San Francisco, CA. (Sept. 10 -14, 2006) With Organ, LE, Greeson, JN, and Raphael, RM.
"Salicylate Induced Softening of Lipid Membranes." Hairy Interfaces and Stringy Molecules: Summer School and Workshop on Colloids and Biophysics, Odense, Denmark. (Aug. 13-17th, 2003) With Y. Zhou and R.M. Raphael.
"Investigation of Ionic Currents in Marginall Cells of the Guinea Pig Cochlea." Rice University. NSF-IGERT retreat, Houston, TX. (Jan. 29, 2005) With McGuire, R.M., Eatock, R.A., amd Robert Raphael.
"Optimization and High-Throughput Microelectroporation of Jurkat Cells." 2008 BMES Annual Fall Meeting, St. Louis, MO. (2008) With D. STARK, P. CHOI, L. COOPER , T. KILLIAN, L. BISWAL AND R. RAPHAEL.
"Prestin lateral mobility and the effects of cholesterol depletion." Rice University Institute of Biosciences and Bioengineering Research Symposium, Houston, TX. (July 13, 2006) With Organ, LE and Raphael, RM.
"Using magnetic force transducers to stimulate TRP channels during T cell activation." Annual Meeting of the American Association of Immunologists, Boston, MA. (May 12-16, 2006) With Holtzclaw JD, Organ LE, and Raphael RM.
"Investigation of Ionic Currents in Marginal Cells of the Guinea Pig Cochlea." Rice University. NSF-IGERT retreat, Houston, TX. (Jan. 29, 2005) With McGuire, R.M., Eatock, R.A., and Raphael, R.M.
"Prestin lateral mobility and the effects of cholesterol depletion." Twenty-Ninth Annual MidWinter Meeting of the Association for Research in Otolaryngology, Baltimore, MD. (Feb. 5-9, 2006) With Organ, LE and Raphael, RM.
"Salicylate alters the orientational order of the outer hair cell plasma membrane: a fluorescence polarization microscopy study." Association for Research in Otolaryngology Mid-Winter Meeting, Denver, CO. (Feb. 10th -15th , 2006) With Greeson, J.N. and Raphael, R.M.
"Assessment of prestin self-association using acceptor photobleach fluorescence resonance energy transfer." Rice University Institute of Biosciences and Bioengineering Research Symposium, Houston, TX. (July 13, 2006) With Greeson, J.N. and Raphael, R.M.
"Assessment of prestin self-association using acceptor photobleach fluorescence resonance energy transfer." Association for Research in Otolaryngology Mid-Winter Meeting, Baltimore, MD. (Feb. 18th -22nd , 2006) With Greeson, J.N., Organ, L.E. and Raphael, R.M.
"Orientation of fluorescent molecules in synthetic membranes." 50th Annual Meeting of the Biophysical Society, Salt Lake City, UT. (Feb. 5th -9th , 2006) With Greeson, J.N. and Raphael, R.M.
Session Chair
"Molecular Engineering." 2006 Meeting of the IEEE EMBS Conference, New York City. (Sept. 2006)
Editorial Positions
Other, Biophysical Journal, (2005).
Other, Annals of Biomedical Engineering, (2005).
Other, Physical Review Letters, (2005).
Theses
Min-Ho Lee, "Metal Nanoshells: Contrast Agents for Optical Imaging." (2004).(Committee Member)
Jeff Triffo, MD/PhD student. "Computational Modeling of Ion Homeostasis and Systems Physiology." (2004).(Thesis or Dissertation Director)
Adrien Wang, "Fibre-Optic Probe Design for Spatially Resolved Reflectance Spectroscopy in Epithelial Tissue." (2004).(Committee Member)
Vijay Iyer, "High-speed, Random-Access Fluorescence Microscopy." (2004).(Committee Member)
Heidi Holtorf, Ph.D. "Modulation of Marrow Stromal Cell Differentiation in Bone Tissue Engineering Constructs." (2004).(Committee Member)
Alex Lin, "Optical Detection of Epithelial Cancer: Modeling and Experimental Evaluation of Nanoshells as a Biological Contrast Agent." (2004).(Committee Member)
Christopher Loo, "Metal Nanoshells: Contrast Agents for Molecular Imaging." (2004).(Committee Member)
Louise Organ, PhD student. "Rho-GTPase signaling in the cochlea." (2004).(Thesis or Dissertation Director)
Jennifer Greeson, PhD. Student. "Advanced Imaging Techniques for Studying Membrane Mechanics." (2004).(Thesis or Dissertation Director)
Yong Zhou, PhD student. "Effect of Amphiphilic Molecules on Membrane Mechanics." (2004).(Thesis or Dissertation Director)
Emily Glassinger, PhD. Student,. "Nanoelectromechanical Transduction at Interfaces." (2004).(Thesis or Dissertation Director)
Imran Quraishi, MD/PhD student. "Mathematical Modeling of Potassium Transport in the Organ of Corti." (2004).(Thesis or Dissertation Director)
Ryan McGuire, PhD student,. "Electrophysiological Recordings from Marginal Cells." (2004).(Thesis or Dissertation Director)
Jeff Myers, Ph.D. Biochemistry. "Human UP1 as a model for understanding purine recognition in the family of proteins containing the RNA Recognition Motif (RRM)." (2004).(Committee Member)
Emmanuel Chang, "Biological Applications of Novel Fluorescent Nanoprobes." (2006).(Committee Member)
Alex Lin, "Optical Detection of Epithelial Cancer: Modeling and Experimental Evaluation of Nanoshells as a Biological Contrast Agent." (2006).(Committee Member)
, Bioengineering. "A Thermodynamic Analysis of Tethers Formed from Lipid Bilayers: Influence of Electromechanical Coupling, Entropic Tensions and Membrane Cytoskeletal Adhesion." (2006).(Committee Member)
Jaime Becnel, Ph.D. Biochemistry and Cell Biology. "The Arabidopsis TCH genes." (2006).(Committee Member)
Benjamin Appiah, PhD. Candidate in Electrical Engineering. "Inverse model for the extraction of biological parameters from ovarian tissue fluorescence spectra and multivariate classifiers for tissue diagnosis." (2006).(Committee Member)
Nikta Fakhri, Ph.D Candidate in Chemical Engineering. "Behavior of stabilized SWNTs in fluids." (2006).(Committee Member)
Maureen Mueller, "Gold Nanoparticles for Dual Imaging and Therapy of Cancer." (2006).(Committee Member)
Jiantang Sun, Applied Physics. "Photonics-Based Strategies for Minimally Invasive Caner Diagnosis Using Endogenous and Molecular Contrast." (2007).(Committee Member)
Gaddumm Reddy, Ph.D. "A Multi-Photon Microscope for Three Dimensional Functional Recording of Fast Neuronal Activity." (2007).(Committee Member)
Adrien Wang, Ph.D. "Fiber-Optic Probe Design for Spatially Resolved Reflectance Spectroscopy in Epithelial Tissue." (2007).(Committee Member)
Ramkumar Krishnamorthy, MS. "Voltage Dependent Stiffness of HEK Cell Membranes." (2007).(Committee Member)
Kun Fu, Ph.D. Applied Physics. "Polarized Angular Dependent Light Scattering from Plasmonic Nanoparticles: Modeling, Measurements and Biomedical Applications.." (2007).(Committee Member)
Yong Zhou, "Effect of NSAIDs on the Mechanical and Electrical Properties of Biomembranes." (2007).(Committee Member)
Imran Quraishi, "Mathematical Modeling of Potassium Transport in the Inner Ear." (2007).(Committee Member)
Jiantang Sun, "Applied Physics. Photonics-Based Strategies for Minimally Invasive Caner Diagnosis Using Endogenous and Molecular Contrast." (2007).(Committee Member)
Chaoping Qin, Biochemistry. "Development of threading method for functional annotation." (2007).(Committee Member)
Ekaterina Pronina, Chemistry. "Asymmetric Simple Exclusion Processes in Two-Channel Systems." (2007).(Committee Member)
Xiaoyang Bai, Biochemistry and Cell Biology. "The molecular mechanism of membrane fusion in the yeast S.cerevisiae." (2007).(Committee Member)
Louise Organ, Ph.D. "Investigating the Lateral Mobility of Outer Hair Cell Plasma Membrane Constituents by Fluorescence Recovery After Photobleaching." (2008).(Thesis or Dissertation Director)
Jeff Triffo, Ph.D. "Investigation of the Structure of the Outer Hair Cell Lateral Wall Using Electron Tomography." (2008).(Thesis or Dissertation Director)
Rui Li, Ph.D. "Monitoring [2FeS]2+ Cluster Content of Human Glutaredoxin 2 Using Fluorescent Proteins." (2008).(Committee Member)
Ian Dews, Ph.D. "The Four Syndecans: A Fugue in GxxxG Minor." (2008).(Committee Member)
Todd Jaszewski, Ph.D. "Specificity of Transmembrane Domain Self-Association by Mutagenesis and Protein Design." (2008).(Committee Member)
Jennifer Greeson, Ph.D. "Investigating the Role of the Outer Hair Cell Plasma Membrane in Electro-motility and Prestin Function Using Advanced Optical Microscopy." (2008).(Thesis or Dissertation Director)
Chaoping Qin, "Development of threading method for functional annotation." (Committee Member)
Ekaterina Pronina, "Asymmetric Simple Exclusion Processes in Two-Channel Systems." (Committee Member)
Xiaoyang Bai, "The molecular mechanism of membrane fusion in the yeast S.cerevisiae." (Committee Member)
Grants and Proposals
Membrane Nanoelectromechanics, NSF CAREER Award.
Molecular Interactions of the Carboxy Terminus of Prestin, NIH R21.
Stimulation of Auditory Neurons by Multi-photon Laser Targeting, Simmons Family Foundation.
Biophysical Basis of Organization and Dynamics of Prestin-Membrane Complexes.
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